THE KHMER EMPIRE
The Khmer Empire was at its apogee during the reign of Jayavarman VII (1181-1215 A.D.). Its territory covered the current Cambodia, all of southern Vietnam, all of the current Laos, all of the current Thailand, and part of the current Malaysia. Unlike the Khmers, Thais, known then as Siameses, were not natives of the region. The kingdom of Thailand, known then as Siam, did not appear in Southeast Asia until the mid- 14th century.
A well-known Thai historian, Sulak Sivarak, who was a Nobel Peace Prize nominee and the winner of the Right Livelihood Award said of the Khmer Empire: “It included everything right up to Lopburi and all of what is now Bangkok”. Again, describing the Khmer Empire, Peter Janssan of the Hindustan Times quoted Sulak Sivaraka in his article on 18 June 2008: “Thai invasions of Cambodia, then in its decline, led to the adoption of many Khmer cultural traditions by the Thais, including the Hindu concept of god-kings and court rituals, and an ongoing fondness for Brahman-inspired black magic, especially among Thai politicians”. Peter Janssan went on to describe that there are many more Khmer temples located in Thailand, especially along the northeast Thailand- Cambodian border like Buriram, Surin, and Sisaket. The map depicting the Khmer Empire at its height is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Khmer Empire during the Height of its Civilization, Before the Appearance of Siam (From Jayavarman II to Jayavarman VII)
THE FRENCH PROTECTORATE
Cambodia was a vassal state under Siam during the reign of King Ang Duong. Cambodia had lost Battambang, Sisophon, and Siem Reap to Siam. Siam had placed spies everywhere at the court of Oudong. To get out of the Siam’s manacles, King Norodom who succeeded his father, King Ang Duong, sought out help from France. On 23 March 1907, under the reign of King Sisowath who succeeded his brother, King Norodom, France (as the protectorate of Cambodia) and Siam signed a border treaty that completed the 1904 treaty. In the 1904 treaty Siam ceded Tonlé Repou, Mlou Prey, Koh Kong, and Stung Trèng to Cambodia. The 1907 treaty subsequently produced the French- Siamese Commission 1907 Frontier Line (Figure 2), placing Preah Vihear under the control of Cambodia. The French-Siamese 1907 treaty had Siam ceded almost all Cambodia ancient territory of the 16th century back to Cambodia. The territory included Battambang, Sisophon, Siem Reap, Mongkol Borei, and Tnot (Figures 3 and 4).
Figure 2. Extract from the International Court of Justice Report 1962 – The French-Siamese Commission 1907 (Scale 1:200,000) (Courtesy Bora Touch. Note in blue added by Bora Touch for clarity)
Figure 3. Map of Cambodia Showing the Te rritory That Siam Ceded To France in 1907
Figure 4. Map of Present Day Cambodia Courtesy: Official Map by the Royal Government of Cambodia Submitted to UNESCO for Preah VihearWorld Heritage List
In spite of this agreement, Thailand contested in 1934 that the Temple of Preah Vihear belonged to her and their surveyors redrew the frontier to locate Preah Vihear in Thailand’s territory. In 1954 Thailand occupied Preah Vihear. On 6 October 1959, Cambodia, under the leadership of Prince Norodom Sihanouk, petitioned the International Court of Justice (ICJ) of the Hague, Netherlands, to rule on the dispute. By the end of the year, Thailand retaliated with a claim listing Preah Vihear as a national archeological site. On June 15, 1962, the ICJ made a judgment recognizing that the Temple of Preah Vihear belonged to Cambodia using the French-Siamese Commission 1907 Frontier Line as one of the supporting arguments (Figure 5). A satellite photo showing Preah Vihear and its surrounding region with demarcations of the frontier established by the French-Siamese Commission 1907 is presented in Figure 6. Figure 7 shows another satellite photo of Preah Vihear and the Dangrek mountain range. Thailand never protested against the verdict. However, over the years Thailand has unilaterally redrawn the map that contradicts the ICJ judgment (Figures 8- 10).
Figure 5. Area of the Temple of Preah Vihear in the Dangrek Range of Mountains (Extrapolation from the map recognized by the International Court of Justice, 15 June 1962) Courtesy: Official Map by the Royal Government of Cambodia submitted to UNESCO for Preah VihearWorld Heritage List
Figure 6. Satellite Photo of Preah Vihear and its Surrounding Region (Courtesy: Bora Touch)
Figure 7. Satellite Photo of Preah Vihear and its Surrounding Region (Courtesy: Bora Touch)
Figure 8. Thai Internal Working Document – The Official Thai Map (Scale 1:10,000) Courtesy Bora Touch. Notes in blue and green Colors added by Bora Touch for clarity
Figure 9. Thai Internal Working Document – The French-Siamese Commission Map Made in 1907 (Scale: 1:200,000) (Courtesy Bora Touch. Notes in blue by Bora Touch for clarity)
Figure 10. Extract from the Aide Memoire of Cambodia Royal Government 1962 (Scale: 1:6,000) (Courtesy Bora Touch. Note in blue by Bora Touch for Clarity)
The temple of Preah Vihear was originally built under Yasovarman I, a Khmer king who reigned from 889 to 910 A.D. The building started in light material, but its completion in stone was carried on later by his successors. The temple was dedicated to Shiva (God of destroyer).
The setting of Preah Vihear was ideal for a Khmer monarch who dedicated the temple for Shiva because of its spectacular location sitting atop of a high cliff over 500 meters above the lower ground. Aerial views of the Preah Vihear temples are shown in Figures 11 and 12.
Figure 11. Aerial View of Preah Vihear Hanging Over a Cliff On Cambodia Territory (Courtesy: Official Photo by the Royal Government of Cambodia Submitted to UNESCO for Preah VihearWorld Heritage List)
Figure 12. Aerial View of Preah Vihear
THE THAI TWISTED THESIS OF THEIR ORIGIN
There are some Thais in the academic, the press, and the media who fantasize in their justification of Preah Vihear belonging to Thailand by advancing a twisted thesis claiming that Khmer is not the same as Khorm (note: the Thai used to call Khmer as either Khamin or Khorm). They say that Khmer is Khamin, which is different from Khorm. Furthermore, they say that Khorms are the real inhabitants of what is now Thailand and they were the builders of Preah Vihear, Angkor, and all the ancient temples found in Cambodia and Thailand. They are saying that Khmers are not the descendents of the Angkor builders. Therefore, they try to justify by implication that Thai people are the true descendents of the Khorms, the original inhabitants of Thailand and builders of Preah Vihear and Angkor. The Thai people have such a twisted mind. Believing in this twisted thesis is like believing that a bullet firing from a gun can be curved around a corner. The Thais are not only satisfied to steal everything that are precious to Khmers and then claimed them to be their own, such as Preah Ko Preah Keo, Preah Khan Reach, Khmer classical dance and music, Khmer style boxing, and Khmer scripts “Aksor Moul” (the Thai called it sacred scripts instead of Khmer scripts), but now they try to even steal Khmer identity. They want to strip Khmer people bare of any ancestry.
OBSERVATIONS
A few important observations to the central issue of the Preah Vihear temple must be brought up to the attention of the world. The following are two immediate points of interest concerning the affair of the Preah Vihear temples:
- The press keeps mentioning that Preah Vihear was an ancient Hindu temple instead of a Khmer temple. Preah Vihear is not a Hindu temple but a Khmer temple built under the reign of Yasovarman I, a Khmer king in the 9th century, dedicated to Shiva, one of the Hindu gods. When the press says that Preah Vihear is a Hindu temple, it deemphasizes Khmer ownership and legitimacy to the temple. In modern time, the war of words is very important. This clarification is very important and it must be emphasized at all time.
- Thailand kept insisting on using her own map to claim the disputed area around Preah Vihear instead of the French-Siamese Commissioned Map of 1907, where the International Court of Justice (ICJ) based its judgment on to award Preah Vihear to Cambodia. The map was the product of the treaty signed by Thailand and French (Cambodia was under the French protectorate) in 1907. It is legal and binding. Thailand wants to use its own map that is not binding and not recognized by the International Court of Justice. Cambodia must not give in to the Thai insistence of using her own map to settle the dispute of Preah Vihear and its surrounding area.
CONCLUSION
Cambodia is doing the right thing to seek help from the United Nations (UN). It is not in the interest of Thailand to have the UN intervene in the affair of Preah Vihear, because she knows that Cambodia has more legitimacy and historical claim of Preah Vihear and its surrounding area than Thailand does. The UN will have to consider and abide by the 1962 judgment made by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the recent recognition by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) that included Preah Vihear in the World Heritage List. If the UN were to side with Cambodia, then they would probably ask Thailand to withdraw from the disputed area.
Thailand is playing hardball because she knows Cambodia is no match with her militarily. Cambodia has no choice but to ask the UN for help. With the UN help Thailand will not dare to encroach further into Cambodia territory. If war were to erupt, Thailand would be condemned by the world and she will lose face. Additionally, the Muslims are now waiting for the right opportunity to stir troubles again in the southern region of Thailand if this latter decides to go to war with Cambodia. Thailand cannot afford to have war with Cambodia. Thailand may win in the short term but she will lose in the long run. Thailand fears the UN because among the five permanent members, Cambodia can count on France, China, and Russia to side with her. As to the US and the UK positions, nothing can be certain but if these two countries interpret the laws and historical facts properly, they should come to the conclusion that Thailand has no claim and basis over Preah Vihear and its surrounding area that she had ceded to Cambodia during the French-Siamese 1907 treaty.
The UN cannot ignore the ICJ judgment that recognized Preah Vihear belonging to Cambodia, because to do otherwise would bring chaos to the international rule of laws. There is no doubt, both based on the court of laws and historical facts, that the Temple of Preah Vihear is a Khmer heritage and belonging to Cambodia.
By Kenneth T. So
Source: www.cambodia.org
Thanks you very much for the great information about Khmer Empire. Great job!!
Koun Khmer
I Hate Thailand
It is the best website for me. Why? Because I think that by this website, it can make all the people kwon clearly about the truely that had happened in the world espécialy about the hsitory between Cambodia and Siam.
I love this web, i’ll try to check every day for new event.
Thanks for this document that show all the people on the world knew about khmer empire and knew who are the owner and who are the CHHOR.
Another way you can please update this doc. to khmer .THANS
Congratulation we can tell the world of the true story about Preah Vihear and other stories of Cambodia by http://www.ilovekhmer.org
Thailand or Saim never think good about khmer. this nation is very bad nation. we are khmer we must not trust this nation.
This is my first visit to the site. Roughly screened through it and found a number of contents that caught my profound interest. Those views, snapshot, drawing, and mappings represents a professionalism in self defense in response to the controversial and provoking website by the Thai recently. I heard of the development of this interesting website through news media but could only managed to get the address this morning and straight away surf it.
My encouragement come out to those involved in the organizing, management, and maintaining the site to convey the very factual and accurate message to our fellow Cambodian and the whole wide world. Keo Ruos
A big thanks to a person who’ve created this web site.It make me more and more understading the history of Khmer Empire!!!
Thai’s people always said that Khmer impissible to fighting with them, because we are lose many time already with them. USA behinding them, provided them an official map to fighting with Khmer…and we are impossible also to submit the report to UN Security council, because USA behind … and will reject acordingly… what way we’re going now? to China or VN or Friend… we’re lose many time with them already…
Net, personally, I think we need to bring this case to the UN Security Council. UN Security Council comprises of US and other countries as well. Even US is known to support Thailand, but the process of investigation has to be fair. International Court of Justice ruled that the temple and the surrounding land to us. This choice should be the first and best option. The government should not continue the useless negotiation with Thailand anymore.
If the above option does not work, we have to flight, but there will be more people to die
Koun Khmer
Dear: Kenneth T. So and Friends
Thank you for the information regarding the Khmer empire and Preah Vihear temple. As I am a Khmer-man who loves Khmer so much, I am proud to be Khmer, my next life I wish to be born as Khmer, Khmer-Angkor. When I heard Siamese twisted the history, my blood pressure raise up, and real mad. I wish Cambodian government cut off relation with Thailand, do not import Thai products to Cambodia. I always adore my country and will always defend my country no mater what. I would like to refer you guys to the National Geographic magazine which just released for the month of July 2009, ‘Angkor’ it details the history of Cambodia and map, thus there’s NO way Thailand can’t twist the History between Cambodia and Thailand. Once again, it’s great website, beautiful image of our King who ruled the Kingdom of Cambodia and map. Oh boy! I always view this site and I love it. I miss my country I will always visit my homeland. God bless the Kingdom of Cambodia and the people of Cambodia long lives.
Sincerely,
Angkorian Man
Thailand is animal not human being. this animal doesn’t respect international law. they occupy cambodia territory illegaly
Summaries of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders of the International Court of Justice
Not an official document
CASE CONCERNING THE TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS)
Judgment of 15 June 1962
Proceedings in the case concerning the Temple of Preah
Vihear, between Cambodia and Thailand, were instituted
on 6 October 1959 by an Application of the Government of
Cambodia; the Government of Thailand halving raised two
preliminary objections, the Court, by its Judgment of
26 May 1961, found that it had jurisdiction.
In its Judgment on the merits the Court, ‘by nine votes to
k,found that the Temple of Preah Vihear was situated in
territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia and, in consequence,
that Thailand was under an obligation to withdraw
any military or police forces, or other guards or keepers, stationed
by her at the Temple, or in its vicinity on Cambodian
territory.
By seven votes to five, the Court found that Thailand was
under an obligation to restore to Cambodia any sculptures,
stelae, fragments of monuments, sandstone model and
ancient pottery which might, since the date of the occupation
of the Temple by Thailand in 1954, have been removed from
the Temple or the Temple area by the Thai au~thorities.
Judge Tanaka and Judge Morelli appended to the Judgment
a Joint Declaration. Vice-President Alfaro and Judge
Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice appended Separate Opinions; Judges
Moreno Quintana, ‘Wellington Koo and Sir Percy Spender
appended Dissenting Opinions.
In its Judgment, the Court found that the subject of the dispute
was sovereignty over the region of the Temple of Preah
Vihear. This ancient sanctuary, partially in ruins, stood on a
promontory of the D#anangrekr ange of mountains which constituted
the boundary between Cambodia and Thailand. The
dispute had its fons et origo in the boundary settlements made
in the period 1904-1908 between France, then conducting
the foreign relations of Indo-China, and Siam. The application
of the Treaty of 13 February 1904 was, in particular,
involved. That ‘lkeacy established the general character of the
frontier the exact boundary of which was to be delimited by a
Fmco-Siamese Mixed Commission.
In the eastern sector of the Dmgrek range, iin which Preah
Vihear was situated, the frontier was to follow the watershed
line. For the purpose of delimiting that frontier, it was
agreed, at a meeting held on 2 December 1906, that the
Mixed Commission should travel along the Dangek range
carrying out all the necessary reconnaissance, and that a survey
officer of the French section of the Comniission should
survey the whole of the eastenn part of the range. It had not
been contested that the Presidents of the French and Siamese
sections duly made this journey, in the course of which they
visited the Temple of Preah Vihear. In January-February
1907, the President of the French section had ieported to his
Government that the frontier-line had been definitely established.
It therefore seemed cleix that a frontier had been surveyed
and fixed, although theire was no record of my decision
and no reference to the Dangrek region in any minutes of
the meetings of the Commission after 2 December 1906.
Moreover, at the time when the Commission might have met
for the purpose of winding up its work, attention was directed
towards the conclusion of a further Franco-Si.amese boundary
treaty, the Treaty of 23 Maxh 1907.
The final stage of the delimitation was the ]preparation of
maps. The Siamese Governmc:nt, which did not dispose of
adequate technical means, had requested that Frenclh officers
should map the frontier region. These maps wlzre completed
in the autumn of 1907 by a team of French officers, some of
whom had been members of the Mixed Conlmission, and
they were communicated to the Siamese Government in
1908. Amongst them was a map of the Dangrek range showing
Preah Vihear on the Cambodian side. It wtls on that map
(filed as Annex I to its Memorial) that Cambodia had principally
relied in support of her claim to sovereiignty over the
Temple. Thailand, on the other hand, had contended that the
map, not being the work of the Mixed Commissio~ih, ad no
binding character; that the frontier indicated on1 it was not the
true watershed line and that tlnie true watersh~d line would
place the Temple in Thailand; that the map had never been
accepted by Thailand or, alternatively, that if Thailand had
accepted it she had done so only because of a mistaken belief
that the frontier indicated corn:sponded with the watershed
line.
The Annex I map was never formally approved by the
Mixed Commission, which hd ceased to function some
months before its production. While there could be no reasonable
doubt that it was basecl on the work of the surveying
officers in the Dangrek sector, the Court nevertheless concluded
that, in its inception, it had no binding character. It
was clear from the record, howc:ver, that the miips were communicated
to the Siamese Govt:rnment as pqmrting to rep
resent the outcome of the work of delimitation; since there
was no reaction on the part of the Siamese authiorities, either
then or for many years, they must be held to haire acquiesced.
The maps were moreover ccmunicated to. the Siamese
members of the Mixed Commission, who said nothing, to the
Siamese Minister of the Interior, Prince Damrong, who
thanked the French Minister in Bangkok for them, and to the
Siamese ]provincial governors, some of whom knew of Preah
Vihear. If the Siamese authorities accepted the Annex I map
without investigation, they could not now plead any error
vitiating the reality of their consent.
The Siamese Government and later the Thai Government
had raised no query about the Annex I map prior to its negotiations
with Cambodia in Bangkok in 1958. But in 1934-1935
a survey had established a divergence between the map line
and the hue line of the watershed, and other rnaps had been
produced showing the Temple as being in Thailand: Thailand
had nevertheless continued also to use and indeed to publish
maps showing Preah Vihear as lying in Cambodia. Moreover,
in the course of the negotiations for the 1925 and 1937
Franco-Siamese Treaties, which confirmed the existing frontiers,
and in 1947 in Washington before the Franco-Siamese
Conciliation Commission, it would have been natural for
Thailand to raise the matter: she did not do so. The natural
inference was that she had accepted the frontier at Preah
Vihear as it was drawn on the map, irrespective of its correspondence
with the watershed line. Thailand had stated that
having been, at all material times, in possession of Preah
Vihear, she had had no need to raise the matter; she had
indeed instanced the acts of her administrative authorities on
the ground as evidence that she had never accepted the
Annex I line at Preah Vihear. But the Court found it difficult
to regard such local acts as negativing the consistent attitude
of the central authorities. Moreover, when in 1930 Prince
Damrong, on a visit to the Temple, was officially received
there by the French Resident for the adjoining Cambodian
province, Siam failed to react.
From these facts, the court concluded that Thailand had
accepted the Annex I map. Even if there were any doubt in
this connection, Thailand was not precluded from asserting
that she had not accepted it since France and Cambodia had
relied upon her acceptance and she had for fifty years enjoyed
such benefits as the Treaty of 1904 has conferred on her. Furthermore,
the acceptance of the Annex I map caused it to
enter the treaty settlement; the Parties had at that time
adopted m interpretation of that settlement which caused the
map line to prevail over the provisions of the Treaty and, as
there was no reason to think that the Parties had attached any
special importance to the line of the watershed as such, as
compared with the overriding importance of a final regulation
of their own frontiers, the Court considered that the
interpretation to be given now would be the same.
The Court therefore felt bound to pronounce in favour of
the frontier indicated on the Annex I map in the disputed area
and it became unnecessary to consider whether the line as
mapped did in fact correspond to the true watershed line.
For these reasons, the Court upheld the submissions of
Cambodia concerning sovereignty over Preah Vihear.
Some spelling are incorrect
Chea,Doch
Khao Pra Viharn and all areas around it are Thai’s.
Khmer’d stolen them from Thailand.
this’s the truth.
if you delete my reply again, it will show you accept this’s the truth
and you don’t want other country to know the truth.
Khao Pra Viharn and all areas around it are Thai’s.
Khmer’d stolen them from Thailand.
this’s the truth.
Khao Pra Viharn and all areas around it are Thai’s.
Khmer’d stolen them from Thailand.
this’s the truth.
if you delete my reply again, it will show you accept this’s the truth
and you don’t want other country to know the truth.
I like this website and i support for your all information about SIAM. Because i want all Khmer People show off about SIAM.
To: Khmer is shit and Fucking Khmer Ass (Thai readers were written)
Hey Ah Fucking stupid Thai…your teacher, professor taught you in school, university etc. that Thailand lost territory to the Khmer, and Khmer stole your land. You twisted the history of Thailand, you believe it just to your Fucking Thai people in Thailand, you can’t prove it. You are young generations and didn’t have enough education regarding to the History of Thailand and Cambodia. You are wrong, the world knew all about the Southeast Asian History especially Cambodia and your Fucking Thai kingdom. Hay Ah stupid Thai I can speak your languages, I can speak Thai easy because your fucking language is originally Cambodia. Do you understand Hah? Ah Thai stupidities. You keep saying “Khao Preah Viharn..Khao Preah Viharn…Khao Preah Viharn”, I can understand that is your fucking language, Cambodian is Preah Vihear, we don’t call Preah Viharn as to Ah stupid Thai. Do you understand Ha Ah stupid Thai?
Sorry I hate to use offensive language here but you are very rude by using the offensive language toward to the Cambodian people here in this website. Thank you reader!
God bless PREAH VIHEAR TEMPLE AND CAMBODIA
Anyway, fucking SIAM(thai) is not human being, khmer is too kind.
Thailand is the only country in Asia changing its name to a “land”
like Scotland, Ireland, England to show that Thailand is great like one of those, but in fact Thailand is just a poor thief and whore land offering free sex to the world.
The whole world can see Thai whore websites ads by Google everywhere.
Poor Thais, when Khmers ruled Siam land, no foreigner even the Mongol dare not to bury their graves in Siam land, but when Thais ruled Siam land, there were so many foreign graves buried in Siam land, yet Thais keep barking like dogs “Thailand great”!!!??? Thailand great is full of foreign graves and full of Khmer numerals written on all Thai currency and in every Thai school and in every Thai government!!!
Thank you so much for this valuble information!! it is really help koun khmer all around the world to understood well about our territory and history ,we maybe not rich or powerfull like other nation but remember we still and alway had angkorian blood in our body we will unite and build this great empire once againt. misskhmer lovekhmer
គួរអោយអាណិតជនជាតិថៃណាស់ទូទាំងប្រេទស ទាំងរាស្រ្ត មន្រ្តី យោធានិងវាំងគ្មានអ្នកណាម្នាក់បានរៀនចេះដឹងប្រវត្តិពិតពីជនជាតិខ្លួន(សៀម)
I urge Khmer.org Website
Registered members only should be able to leave their comments,
because as you can see some Thai shit heads come from no where they don’t even know their own history
they come in here and say a lot of bullshits!!
You can’t stop them but you can slow them down!!
Khmer is my life that’s all I can say.
I urge ilovekhmer.org Website
Registered members only should be able to leave their comments,
because as you can see some Thai shit heads come from no where they don’t even know their own history
They come in here and say a lot of bullshits!!
You can’t stop them but you can slow them down!!
Khmer is my life that’s all I can say.
Hello All,
I just want to say a job-well done by Mr Kenneth T. So.
thanks
Khmer Angkorian
There should be one mission that we have to fulfil is to ask for a mutual understanding between Khmer-Thai people and to jointly ask Thai Government as well as scholars or researches to state the facts of history on the birth, origins of Thai history and currenty Thai land. To accomplish this, we should work hard and promote the understanding of Khmer culture, history, and factory to the work and if possible jointly request the Thai government not to falsify the history.
To do so, we need evidence for examples it has been said that they thought fake history in Thai schools and fake info on the birth of Khmer, Khmer Temples. To have all these, we need to understand and learn to read Thai to know indepth their rooted ideas of introducing Khom instead of Khmer in their researches, books, and history.
Ha ha ha Khmer not Khamen.
Who is Khmer ???
Who is Khamen ???
Could you find out information of your History.
Funan Kingdom is born before Khmer Kingdom
History
Funan’s Empire at its greatest extent.The Funanese Empire reached its greatest extent under the rule of Fan Shih-man in the early third century C.E., extending as far south as present-day Malaysia and as far west as present-day Myanmar. The Funanese established a strong system of mercantilism and commercial monopolies that would become a pattern for empires in the region. Fan Shih-man expanded the fleet and improved the Funanese bureaucracy, creating a quasi-feudal pattern that left local customs and identities largely intact, particularly in the empire’s further reaches.
[edit] Organization
Keeping in mind that Funanese records did not survive into the modern period, much of what is known came from archaeological excavation. Excavations yielded discoveries of brick wall structures, precious metals and pottery from southern Cambodia and Vietnam. Also found was a large canal system that linked the settlements of Angkor Borei and coastal outlets; this suggests a highly organized government.[19] Funan, a complex and sophisticated society with a high population density, advanced technology, and a complex social system dominated the area of Cambodia because of the Khmer people’s ability to produce food in Cambodia’s fertile plains.
[edit] Culture
Funanese culture was a mixture of native beliefs and Indian ideas. The kingdom is said to have been heavily influenced by Indian culture, and to have employed Indians for state administration purposes. Sanskrit was the language at the court, and the Funanese advocated Hindu and, after the fifth century, Buddhist religious doctrines. Records show that taxes were paid in silver, gold, pearls, and perfumed wood. K’ang T’ai reported that the Funanese practiced slavery and that justice was rendered through trial by ordeal, including such methods as carrying a red-hot iron chain and retrieving gold rings and eggs from boiling water.
Archaeological evidence largely corresponds to Chinese records. the Chinese described the Funanese as people who lived on stilt houses, cultivated rice and sent tributes of gold, silver, ivory and exotic animals.[20]
K’ang T’ai’s report was unflattering to Funanese civilization, though Chinese court records show that a group of Funanese musicians visited China in 263. The Chinese emperor was so impressed that he ordered the establishment of an institute for Funanese music near Nanking.[citation needed] The Funanese were reported also to have extensive book collections and archives throughout their country, demonstrating a high level of scholarly achievement.
[edit] Economy
Funan was Southeast Asia’s first great economy. The Kingdom was rich because of trade and agriculture. Funan grew wealthy because it dominated the Isthmus of Kra, the narrow portion of the Malay peninsula where merchants transported trade goods between China and India. They use their profits to construct an elaborate system of water storage and irrigation. Citizens lived relaxed lifestyles. The Funanese population was concentrated mainly along the Mekong River: the area was a natural region for the development of an economy based on fishing and rice cultivation. The Funanese economy depended on rice surpluses produced by an extensive inland irrigation system. Maritime trade also played an extremely important role in the development of Funan. Archaeological remnants of what was the kingdom’s main port, Oc Eo, were found to include Roman as well as Persian, Indian, and Greek artifacts.The German classical scholar Albrecht Dihle believed that Funan’s main port, identified with Oc Eo, was the Kattigara referred to by the second century Alexandrian geographer Ptolemy as the emporium where merchants from the Chinese and Roman empires met to trade. Dihle believed that Oc Eo best fitted the details given by Ptolemy of a voyage made by a Graeco-Roman merchant named Alexander to Kattigara, situated at the easternmost end of the maritime trade route from the eastern Roman Empire.[21]
[edit] Legacy
King Fan Shih-man, the greatest king of Funan, and his successors sent ambassadors to China and India. The kingdom likely accelerated the process of Indianization into Southeast Asia. Later kingdoms of Southeast Asia emulated the Funanese court.
During its golden age, Funan controlled modern-day southern Vietnam, Cambodia, central Thailand, northern Malaysia, and southern Myanmar. Although Funan collapsed under the pressure of neighboring Chenla, its capital Vyadhapura remained the largest and most important urban center in the region until Angkor Thom.
The Funan kingdom had an efficient navy and rose to prosperity by regulating the sea trade between China and India.
Funan collapsed in the sixth century and was absorbed by the Chenla kingdom who are undeniably Khmers. Funan is held to be the first Khmer kingdom and the forerunner of the mighty Khmer Empire. The Khmers and the Funanese share the same origin myth and under Funan, Cambodia became an indianized polity which had a profound effect on its culture.
[edit] Relations
Asia in AD 400, showing Funan and its neighbors.The French historian George Coedès once hypothesized a relation between the rulers of Funan and the Sailendra dynasty of Indonesia. Coedès believed that the title of “mountain lord” used by the kings of Sailendra may also have been used by the kings of Funan, since the name “Funan” is related to the Khmer “phnom,” which means “mountain.”[22] Other scholars have rejected this hypothesis, pointing to the lack of evidence in early Cambodian epigraphy for the use of any such titles.[23] The Funanese also traded with the Liang dynasty of southern China.[19]
Little is known about Funan’s political history apart from its relations with China. A brief conflict is recorded to have happened in the 270s, when Funan and its neighbour, Champa, joined forces to attack the area of Tongking (which was under chinese control at the time), located in what is now modern Northern Vietnam. In 357, Funan became a vassal of China, and would continue as such until its disintegration in the sixth century. Chenla, a vassal of Funan eventually absorbed Funan entirely.
Rule of cambodia before
[edit] Funan Empire: 68-627
Order King Personal Name Reign
01 Queen: Saoma Chinese Call: Liu Yi and Traditional Khmer Call: Neang Neak latter 1st century
02 Kaundinya I Chinese Call: Hun-t’ien and Traditional Khmer Call: Pra Thong 68-latter 1st century
03 Unknown latter 2nd century
04 Unknown Chinese Call: Hun Panhuang latter 2nd century
05 unknown Chinese Call: P’an-P’an early 3rd century
06 Srei Meara Chinese Call: Fan Shih-Man ca. 205-225
07 Unknown Chinese Call: Fan Chin-Sheng c. 225
08 Unknown Chinese Call: Fan Chan c. 225-c. 240
09 Unknown Chinese Call: Fan Siyun c. 240-287
10 Unknown Unknown letter 3rd century
11 Unknown Chinese Call: Tian Chu Chantan letter 4th century
12 Unknown Unknown letter 4th Century
13 Kaundinya II Chinese Call: Chiao Chen-ju Unknown-434
14 Sresthavarman or Srei Indravarman Chinese Call: Che-li-pa-mo or Shih-li-t’o-pa-mo 434-435
15 Unknown Unknown Unknown
16 Unknown Unknown Unknown
17 Kaundinya Jayavarman Chinese Call: She-yeh-pa-mo 484-514
18 Rudravarman Chinese Call: Liutao Pamao 514-550
Funan-Chenla War: 550-627
19 Sarvabhauma Unknown 550-?
20 Unknown Unknown c. 550-627
[edit] Chenla Empire: 550-802
Order King Personal Name Reign
21 Bhavavarman I Bhavavarman 550-600
22 Mohendravarman Chet Sen 600-616
23 Isanavarman I Isanavarman 616-635
24 Bhavavarman II Bhavavarman 639-657
25 Jayavarman I Jayavarman 657-681
26 Queen: Jayavedi Jayavedi 681-713
Two Kingdom of Chenla: Land Chenla (North Chenla) and Water Chenla (South Chenla): 706-802
Java Invasion: 774-802
[edit] Angkor Empire: 802-1431
Order King Personal Name Reign
27 Jayavarman II Jayavarman 802-850
28 Jayavarman III Jayavarthon 850-877
29 Indravarman I Indravarman 877-889
30 Yasovarman I Yasovarthon 889-900
31 Harshavarman I Harshavarman 900-925
32 Isanavarman II Isanavarman 925-928
33 Jayavarman IV Jayavarman 928-941
34 Harshavarman II Harshavarman 941-944
35 Rajendravarman II Rajedravarman 944-968
36 Jayavarman V Jayavarman 968-1001
37 Udayadityavarman I Udayadityavarman 1002
38 Jayavirahvarman Jayavirahvarman 1002-1006
39 Suryavarman I Suryavarman 1006-1050
40 Udayadityavarman II Udayadityavarman 1050-1066
41 Harshavarman III Harshavarman 1066-1080
42 Noriditdravarman Noriditdravarman 1080-1113
43 Jayavarman VI Jayavarman 1080-1107
44 Dharanindravarman I Dharanindravarman 1107-1113
45 Suryavarman II Suryavarman 1113-1150
46 Dharanindravarman II Dharanindravarman 1150-1156
47 Yasovarman II Yasovarman 1156-1165
48 Tribhuvanidityavarman Tribhuvanidityavarman 1165-1177
Cham Invasion: 1177-1181
49 Jayavarman VII Jayavathon 1181-1218
50 Indravarman II Indravarman 1218-1243
Siam was Created in 1238 in Reign of Indravarman by Pho Khun Si Intharathit in Sokhothai one of Khmer’s Province.
51 Jayavarman VIII Jayavarman 1243-1295
52 Indravarman III Srei Indravarman 1295-1307
53 Srei Jayavarman Srei Jayavarman 1307-1327
54 Jayavarman IX Jayavama Borommesvarah 1327-1336
55 Trosok Peam Ponhea Chey 1336-1340
56 Nippean Bat Nippean Bat 1340-1346
57 Lompong Racha Lompong Racha 1346-1351
Siam Invasion: 1352-1357
58 Soryavong Soryavong 1357-1363
59 Borommaracha I Borommarama 1363-1373
60 Thomma Saok Thomma Saok 1373-1393
Siam Invasion: 1393 (5 months).
61 Borommaracha II Ponhea Yat 1393-1463
[edit] Kingdom of Cambodia after Angkor: 1431-1863
[edit] Kingdom of Charktomok: 1431-1525
Order King Personal Name Reign
61 Borommaracha II Ponhea Yat 1393-1463
62 Narayanaracha I Narayanaracha 1463-1469
63 Srei Racha Srei Racha 1469-1485
64 Srei Soryatei Soryatei 1475-1485
65 Thommaracha I Thommaracha 1485-1504
66 Srei Sokunbat Ponhea Damkhatracha 1504-1512
67 Srei Cheychetthathirach Sdech Kan 1512-1525
Cambodia Civil War: Ponhea Chan and Sdech Kan war: 1516-1525
[edit] Kingdom of Lovek: 1525-1593
Order King Personal Name Reign
68 Borommaracha III Ponhea Chan or Chan Racha 1516-1566
69 Borommaracha IV Borommenracha 1566-1576
70 Borommaracha V Satha 1576-1586
71 Chey Chettha I Chey Chettha 1586-1593
Siam Invasion: 1593 (3 months).
[edit] Kingdom of Srei Sonthor: 1594-1620
Order King Personal Name Reign
72 Rama Chungprey Rama Chungprey 1594-1596
73 Borommaracha VI Ponhea Ton 1596-1599
74 Borommaracha VII Ponhea An 1599-1600
75 Keao Fa I Ponhea Nhom 1600-1603
76 Borommaracha VIII Srei Soryapor 1603-1618
[edit] Kingdom of Oudongk: 1620-1863 or Dark Age of Cambodia
Order King Personal Name Reign
77 Chey Chattha II Ponhea Nhom 1618-1628
78 Thommaracha II Ponhea To or Rach Somphy 1629-1634
79 Ang Tong Racha Ponhea Nu 1635-1639
80 Botomaracha Ang Nun 1639-1641
81 Ramathibodey I Ang Chan 1641-1659
82 Borommaracha IX Ang So 1659-1672
83 Chey Chettha III Srei Cheychettha 1672-1673
84 Keao Fa II Ang Chee 1673-1675
85 Chey Chettha VI Ang Su or Ponhea So 1675-1695, 1696-1699, 1700-1702, 1703-1706,
86 Ramathibodey II Ang Yong 1695-1696
87 Keao Fa III Ang Em 1699-1700, 1710-1722
88 Thommaracha III Thommaracha 1702-1703, 1706-1709, 1738-1747
89 Satha II Ang Chee 1722-1729, 1749
90 Thommaracha IV Ang Em 1747
91 Ramathibodey III Ang Tong 1747-1748, 1756-1757
92 Chey Chettha V Ang Sngoun 1749-1755
93 Narayanaracha II Ang Ton 1758-1775
94 Ream Racha Ang Nun 1775-1779
95 Narayanaracha III Ang Eng 1779-1796
96 Ottey Racha Ang Chan 1796-1834
97 Queen: Ang Mei Ang Mei 1834-1840
98 Hariharak Ramaisarah Ang Duong 1840-1859
[edit] Cambodia Under French Colonial rule: 1863-1953
Order King Personal Name Reign
99 Norodom Ang Vattey or Ang Chroleng 1859-1904
100 Sisowath Sisowath 1904-1927
101 Sisowath Monivong Sisowath Monivong 1927-1941
102 Norodom Sihanouk Norodom Sihanouk 1941-1955 (First Reign)
[edit] Monarchy-Regency of Cambodia
Order King Personal Name Reign
103 Norodom Suramarit Norodom Suramarit 1955-1960
[edit] Modern Kingdom of Cambodia: 1993-Present
Order King Personal Name Reign
102 Norodom Sihanouk Norodom Sihanouk 1993-2004 (Second Reign)
104 Norodom Sihamoni Norodom Sihamoni 2004-Present
[edit] List of Heads Of State of Cambodia (1954-1993)
[edit] Monarchy-Regency of Cambodia (1960–1970)
[edit] Heads of State
Chuop Hell (3 April – 6 April 1960) (1st time, acting)
Prince Sisowath Monireth (6 April – 13 June 1960) (Chairman of the Regency Council)
Chuop Hell (13 June – 20 June 1960) (2nd time, acting)
Prince Norodom Sihanouk (20 June 1960 – 18 March 1970) (1st time) (in exile in in Beijing, China from 5 May 1970 until 17 April 1975)
Cheng Heng (18 March 1970 – 9 October 1970) (acting)
[edit] Cambodian Civil War (1970-1993)
-See also Cambodian Civil War
[edit] Khmer Republic (1970-1975)
[edit] Heads of State
Cheng Heng (9 October 1970 – 10 March 1972)
General Lon Nol (10 March – 14 March 1972)
[edit] Presidents
General Lon Nol (14 March 1972 – 12 April 1975)
Saukam Khoy (1 April – 12 April 1975) (acting for Lon Nol)
[edit] Chairman of the Supreme Committee
Sak Sutsakhan (12 April – 17 April 1975)
[edit] Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979)
[edit] Head of State
Prince Norodom Sihanouk (17 April 1975 – 11 April 1976) (2nd time)
[edit] President of the State Presidium
Khieu Samphan (11 April 1976 – 7 January 1979)
[edit] People’s Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989)
[edit] President of the People’s Revolutionary Council
Heng Samrin (7 January 1979 – 27 June 1981)
[edit] Chairman of the Council of State
Heng Samrin (27 June 1981 – 1 May 1989)
[edit] State of Cambodia (1989–1993)
[edit] Chairmen of the Council of State
Heng Samrin (1 May 1989 – 6 April 1992)
Chea Sim (6 April 1992 – 14 June 1993)
[edit] Chairman of the Supreme National Council
Prince Norodom Sihanouk (20 November 1991 – 14 June 1993)
[edit] Head of State
Prince Norodom Sihanouk (3rd time) (14 June – 24 September 1993)
What do you think after reading what you copied from wikipedia above, Nguen? You don’t accept it?
I also have doubt when reading directly on Wikipedia. I’m not sure how it has been stored there. What I think is that you need to sign up for a user account in Wikipedia and place your work there. This means that for a few decades Cambodia has been dramatically affected by the cold war, civil war and chaos. No much attention has been specifically paid to the web media, info, and other historical evidence online.
Once there is much online. Other users in Wikipedia just placed what they have in hands and some time those aspects favor their nation i.e. our close neighbor.
Hi Timboeun
I copy from wikipedia for web site. Becoz i want explain to Khamar history. Funan is frist kingdom in this here. Not Khamer Emprise.
on behaft of akhmer people that have khmer blood i propose all of khmer people don`t ignor our history.please study more our history
to Nguen: Funan is Khmer like Ayuthya is Thai.
To Timboeun
Can you have basis of funan is khmer ? If you have could you help me link web for me pls.
King Kaudinya of Kalinga married to the native Khmer Queen Soma, the daughter of the Naga King in Nokor Koktlok Kingdom and they created Funan called by the Chinese and called Nokor Phnom Kingdom called by Khmer people.
The Khmer wedding story is based on the true history of the Khmer Funan or in Khmer Nokor Phnom Kingdom.
The first capital of Funan is in Angkor Borei in Prei Veng province in Cambodia today. The first port of Funan is in O Ceo in Kampuchea Krom today.
you may type in google search box with the word Funan and take your time to read.
What has ASEAN done to help resolve Khmer-Siamese border conflict? What will Vietnam or Lao do if Thailand decides to whack Cambodia, Vietnam or Lao (situated nearby) will just have to sit down and wathc it happen.
See article on “Oh ASEAN!” it is quite interesting.
ASEAN (formed in 1967) is basically a loose organization whereby its three basic principles constitute a respect for state sovereignty, non-intervention, and renunciation of the threat or use of force in resolving disputes. ASEAN did not base its foundation on formal dispute-resolution mechanisms and hence is not a collective security arrangement. This means that if Thailand decides to whack Singapore or vice versa, Malaysia (situated in between) will just have to sit down and watch it happen.
To read full article
http://nokorkhmer.blogspot.com/2009/08/oh-asean.html
Thanks to Mr. Kenneth So for providing such eye-opening information. We Khmers must prevent this land from going to Thailand. We already lost too much to her. We can not allow this to happen. We must learn all that we can about the region and Preah Vihear so that we can argue more effectively than Thai because we have a lot to loose and Thai have everything to gain. It’s an unfair fight but we will be again because of Mr. Kenneth’s articles above.
I meant to say “we will win again”.
R u sure about open the war to Thailand. When you kick off situation to them .I think alot of think in ASEAN.
If you hate Thailand or siam pls open war to them .
I want see your people to killing Thai people and khmer people moving to laos & vietnam. ha ha ha R u already Khmer . go aheard .!!!!
Can you check your people need open war to thailand about Preah Vihear.
We need see about this soon.
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